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Macrophages are able to polarize from a basal, naïve state to an M1 or M2 phenotype. M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages are characterized by recognizing and eliminating abnormal cells, while M2 anti...

The human microbiota is a thriving ecosystem that has remained a great mystery, as we have yet to develop a complete understanding of its complex nature and capabilities. Nonetheless, numerous studies...

The purpose of the investigation was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus the effects of high-volume moderate-intensity continuous training...

Pierce’s Disease, threatening grapevines in California, and Citrus Greening Disease, plaguing commercial citrus trees in Florida, are caused by bacterial plant pathogens. Xylella fastidiosa and...

Antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria is a serious global health threat. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are especially concerning since they are susceptible to few if any...

Hannibal Bank is a biodiversity hotspot off the Pacific coast of Panama. Using the AUV SeaBED, 12 photo-transects of the seafloor systematically captured over 21,712 images during a research cruise in...

Bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates to possess an adaptive immune system. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one example of these bony fish, which means they have an immune system similar to that...

The purpose of this study was to test the concurrent validity and intraclass reliability of two mobile apps designed to measure countermovement jump (CMJ) height. The concurrent validity and...

This study focuses on the phylum Mollusca from Hannibal Bank in Panama. Through DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, the biodiversity and evolutionary history of mollusks were evaluated. The...

Evaluating predatory-prey relationships is critical for understanding the dynamics of ecosystems and implementing effective conservation efforts. I investigated whether Neotropical mammalian predators...

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family and as of February 2016 has been declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization. Understanding the T cell...

A recently developed quantum mechanical model of cognition theorizes that neuronal signaling is significantly influenced by entangled Posner molecules (Ca9(PO4)6) in the brain. According to this model...

Hannibal Bank is a seamount-like feature known for its high productivity and biodiversity that is located in an UNESCO World Heritage Site off the Pacific coast of Panama. The biodiversity and...

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the leading public health threats globally. Although, the presence of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance has been both extensively researched and...

Acrolein is an efficient agricultural herbicide within irrigation canal ditches and a biocide within oilfield water-flood systems. The fate of acrolein is typically attributed to evaporation, however...

The objective of this study was to determine transfer frequencies of multidrug resistance plasmids under different conjugation conditions: liquid cultures, batch biofilms, and drip-flow biofilms...

Macrophages are a type of immune cell present in the tumor micro environment that can be polarized by the cancer cells to aid in the growth and proliferation of the tumor. The goal of this study was...

The oncoprotein E7 coded for by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to degrade the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Transient transfections of a plasmid coding for the E7 protein...

Bacteriophage λ procapsids as effective drug transporters provide promising means of patient care and treatment within the medical field with implications in targeted drug delivery. The 3D icosahedral...

The purpose of this paper was to examine the long term consequences of repeated brain injury through a cadaveric dissection. For this literature review, the limbic system will be the anatomical...